![]() (1995) Long-term renal fate and prognosis after staghorn calculus management. (1991) Staghorn calculi-long-term results of management. J Urol 173: 1610–1614īlandy JP and Singh M (1976) The case for a more aggressive approach to staghorn stones. (2005) Stone and pelvic urine culture and sensitivity are better than bladder urine as predictors of urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a prospective clinical study. (2001) Microinfections and kidney lithiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11511–11515Ĭonte Visús A et al. (2000) An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization. ![]() Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 8274–8279Ĭisar JO et al. Kajander EO and Ciftçioglu N (1998) Nanobacteria: an alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra- and extracellular calcification and stone formation. (2006) Rat strains differ in susceptibility to Ureaplasma parvum-induced urinary tract infection and struvite stone formation. (2001) The importance of glucose for the Escherichia coli mediated citrate depletion in synthetic and human urine. Urol Res 21: 109–115Įdin-Liljegren A et al. (1993) Citrate and urease-induced crystallization in synthetic and human urine. Inhibition by natural urinary crystal growth inhibitors. Meyer JL and Smith LH (1975) Growth of calcium oxalate crystals. (2003) Infections and urinary stone disease. Sumner JB (1926) The isolation and crystallization of the enzyme urease. Miner Electrolyte Metab 13: 278–285īrown TR (1901) On the relation between the variety of microorganisms and the composition of stone in calculous pyelonephritis. Griffith DP and Osborne CA (1987) Infection (urease) stones. (1981) Study of infective (secondary) renal calculus formation in vitro. (2005) Chapter 1: AUA guideline on management of staghorn calculi: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. (2005) Emergency drainage for urosepsis associated with upper urinary tract calculi. Infection in patients with pre-existing stone disease can lead to life-threatening sepsis prompt recognition and treatment of the infection is required, plus drainage of the kidney in cases of obstructionīichler KH et al. Potential methods for preventing stone recurrence in patients with infection include eradication and prevention of the infection, use of urease inhibitors, and acidification of the urine, although both urease inhibitors and local dissolution therapy can have adverse effects The treatment options for infection stones are similar to those for other urinary tract stones, but not all options are suitable for every patient, and treatment should be individualized Infection stones usually present insidiously with recurrent infections and vague loin pain diagnosis can be made on the basis of imaging studies and urinalysis The pathogenesis of stones as a consequence of urinary tract infection is generally well understood however, the risk factors that predispose patients with urinary tract infection to develop stones are not well known Urinary tract stones and urinary tract infections are strongly associated, and their co-occurrence can have serious health implications In such cases where obstruction is also present, prompt drainage of the affected kidney is likely to prevent permanent renal damage, and may be life saving. When infection complicates pre-existing stone disease, the primary aim of management is to treat the infective episode and delay definitive stone management until the infection has cleared. Once the stone and the causative infection have been removed, various strategies can be employed to minimize the risk of recurrence. Systemic sepsis remains the most serious complication of treatment, and, although rare, still occurs despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for infection calculi: stone clearance is the goal and a range of minimally invasive treatments is available. The underlying pathophysiology of infection stones is generally well understood, but factors dictating why a particular individual should be affected are less clear, although obstruction is a uniformly recognized risk factor. Left untreated, both situations can result in loss of kidney function, and can, on occasion, be life threatening. Infection is implicated as the cause of stones in about 15% of stone formers, and the development of infection can complicate the management of pre-existing stones. Urinary tract stones and urinary tract infection are strongly associated.
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